4. Treat frostbite first by getting and staying out of the cold.
If you suspect you or your child has frostbite, the first thing to do is get out of the cold. Then, gently warm the affected area. If possible, immerse the skin in warm water that's about the same temperature as a newborn's bath (40 to 42 C). Otherwise, start at the outer extremities and use your breath to warm the area. Tuck hands or feet inside warm clothing beside bare warm flesh (armpits and groin areas work best) to gently warm the tissue.
Keep in mind that numbness is a symptom of frostbite, so never apply direct heat from a hair dryer or a heater because you can burn the skin, warns Frémont. Don't rub or massage the frozen area either because this can move the ice crystals around, extending the damage. The worst thing you can do is partially thaw the area and then go back out in the cold. "If you freeze the area again after partially thawing it out, you do more damage than ever," says Frémont. It's like taking the little ice swords out of the wounded cells and stabbing more cells.
5. Dress sensibly to prevent frostbite.
Manufacturers have come a long way in recent years, and there's really no longer any reason to be cold, even when the temperature drops way below freezing. Purchase clothing designed for cold weather, available at sporting goods stores. Wool is the best natural insulator, but if you don't like wool next to your skin, there are many synthetic fabrics that wick away moisture from the skin, keeping it dry. Wool socks, with liner socks made of Wick Dry or Coolmax, worn with waterproof boots help keep feet warm. Avoid having cotton next to your skin because if it gets wet it stays wet. In cold weather, never leave home without a hat – you lose a lot of heat from your head – and make sure it covers your ears. If you're in extreme cold or windy conditions, you may also need a ski or face mask. Layers of thin, breathable clothing are much more effective at keeping you warm and dry than bulky clothing.
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